What do people need to do in order for biofeedback training to work?

Some consider biofeedback a type of training, rather than a treatment. For it to work, you must attend multiple sessions . You'll need to participate actively and practice between appointments.

Which of the following is the reason that carnivorous plants eat insects quizlet?

The carnivorous plants featured in the chapter opener have evolved to capture insects because of the lack of nitrogen in boggy soils . Traditional farming depletes the nitrogen in soil, and many farmers turn to crop rotation to keep soils healthy.

Does biofeedback really work?

Biofeedback is an effective therapy for many conditions , although it is primarily used to treat high blood pressure, tension headache, migraine headache, chronic pain, and urinary incontinence. Are there different types of biofeedback?

Can I do biofeedback on my own?

You can complete self-biofeedback therapy at home independently . However, you have to purchase the necessary professional biofeedback equipment. Ensure you have the app on your smartphone to provide you with guidance during the therapy session.

Which organism is most likely to be consumed by a carnivorous plant?

Although most meat-eating plants consume insects, larger plants are capable of digesting reptiles and small mammals . Smaller carnivorous plants specialise in single-celled organisms (such as bacteria and protozoa) and aquatic examples also eat crustaceans, mosquito larvae and small fish.

What is the main reason that carnivorous plants catch and consume insects?

Insects contain lots of protein and nucleic acids, and so provide a good source of nitrogen to whichever plants can catch them. Thus, plants catch insects not to get food, but to get extra nutrients . Think of insects as vitamin pills for carnivorous plants.

What do carnivorous plants need from their prey to survive Why did they develop this need?

When carnivorous plants eat animals, they gain the nitrogen that these animals have eaten . Instead of getting important nutrients from the soil, carnivorous plants get their nutrients from animals, which are usually small bugs. Carnivorous plants grow in many ecosystems all over the world.

What do you need to be a biofeedback therapist?

To enter this range of careers you will need to take science courses, such as biology and anatomy . Physical education and health will give you some understanding of the physical aspects of biofeedback. Since counseling skills are also important, classes in psychology and sociology can be helpful.

What does biofeedback training involve?

Biofeedback is a type of mind-body technique you use to control some of your body's functions, such as your heart rate, breathing patterns and muscle responses. During biofeedback, you're connected to electrical pads that help you get information about your body .

What are the three stages of biofeedback training?

Biofeedback training is conceptualized as including three phases: initial conceptualization, skills-acquisition and -rehearsal, and transfer of treatment .

20.2A: Stress and Immunity (2024)

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Evidence shows that stress has a negative effect on the body’s immune system.

Learning Objectives

Describe the effects of stress on the immune system

Key Points

Cortisol is released in the adrenocortex by the neuroendocrine activity of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland during acute stress responses, which involve sympathetic nervous system stimulation to cause a fight or flight response.
Chronic stress is a state of prolonged tension from internal or external stressors, which may cause various physical manifestations— asthma, back pain, arrhythmias, fatigue, headaches, high blood pressure, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcers, high blood sugar, diabetes, heart problems, and Cushing’s syndrome.
Cortisol, a hormone released during stressful situations, affects the immune system by preventing the production of inflammatory mediators. During chronic stress, cortisol is overproduced, causing fewer receptors to be produced in immune cells and inducing chronic inflammation.
Managing stress is important for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Exercise, meditation, hobbies, social activities, and listening to music are all effective ways to manage stress.

Key Terms

stress: Emotional pressure suffered by a human being or other animal.
Cortisol: The hormone that facilitates the physiological response to stress by raising blood sugar to increase cellular metabolism, activating the sympathetic nervous system and suppressing the inflammatory response.

EXAMPLES

In one study, individuals caring for spouses with dementia, representing the stress group, saw a significant decrease in immune response to an influenza-virus vaccine compared to a non-stressed control group.

Stress is the body’s reaction to any stimuli that disturb its equilibrium. Stress responses release a hormone called cortisol in the adrenocortex through a complex neuroendocrine pathway that is controlled by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland.

Effects of Acute Stress on the Immune System

Cortisol has numerous effects on the body, such as sympathetic nervous system activation, increasing blood sugar for energy purposes, and anti-inflammatory effects that include the inhibition of certain inflammatory mediators that are important in innate immunity. For example, expression of IL-1 IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha from immune cells are all inhibited by cortisol, while cytokines that control helper T-cell activity are increased. Evolutionary biologists believe that this stress mechanism is intended to protect the immune system from becoming overactive to facilitate the fight-or-flight response, which would be weakened by inflammation. Other studies show that the weakened inflammatory effect makes pathogen-caused diseases more likely to lead to infection.

Effects of Chronic Stress

Normally, stress responses are beneficial for the body, provided they are moderate and cortisol returns to normal levels after the stressful situation ends. Chronic stress occurs when the body’s stress levels remain too high for too long and do not return to normal levels for long enough. Chronic stress is associated with many chronic diseases, including asthma, back pain, arrhythmia, fatigue, headaches, high blood pressure, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcers, high blood sugar and diabetes.

Chronic stress takes a more significant toll on the body than does acute stress. It can raise blood pressure enough to cause hypertension, increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiac hypertrophy, increase vulnerability to anxiety and depression, contribute to infertility, and hasten the aging process. Cushing’s syndrome is a chronic disease caused by persistent and excessive cortisol levels (from stress and often tumors that secrete cortisol). It typically causes weight gain, hair growth, and increased risk for diabetes. Over time, immune cells may become desensitized to cortisol and express fewer cortisol receptors, so chronic inflammation can develop as the anti-inflammatory effect of cortisol is weakened.

Skin Ulcer: Erythema nodosum—lesions that occur in some patients suffering from inflammatory bowel syndrome.

Dealing with Stress

Proper stress management is important for good overall health because it can prevent the plethora of chronic diseases and short-term illnesses incurred by a stressful lifestyle. Common effective ways to manage stress include exercise, meditation, therapy, and participating in hobbies, music, and social activities. Exercise relieves stress through endorphins, which have an inhibitory effect on cortisol secretion. Other activities like meditation and listening to music have been found to calm the mind, which can relax the parts of the brain responsible for the stress response (such as the anterior pituitary gland). There are many other ways to deal with stress, and they all have the potential to improve both mental and physiological health.

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